Humidity, Dew Point and Moisture Measurements Try Vaisala's Humidity Calculator Water (H2O) can take many forms and we can measure it as temperature dependent invisible gas known as humidity, as pressure dependent dew point or in liquid form as moisture. Humidity Humidity is measured in many air control applications, where the relative humidity is for the most part over 10 %. Relative humidity (RH) is a measure of the water vapor content of air. For more information, read what relative humidity is and why it is important. Find humidity measurement products by typical applications: test chambers, building automation and HVAC, spray drying, paint booths, biogas production, and bio-decontamination. Download Humidity Guide for Smart Industries Dew Point Dew point measurements are needed when controlling air in dry processes, usually with relative humidity below 10 %. For more information about dew point, read the article "What is dew point and how to measure it?". Find dew point measurement products by typical application: compressed air drying, fluid bed drying, 3D printing, lithium-ion battery manufacturing, and semiconductor manufacturing. Calculate & convert parameters such as dew point and frost point Moisture Moisture measurements are essential when there is a need to protect engines or to ensure high-quality oil with moisture in oil measurements. Avoiding moisture in concrete or structures also requires high quality measurement. Find related moisture measurement products by typical applications: power transformers, lubrication systems, and structural moisture. Benefits with high-quality H2O measurement Energy-savings Especially in drying applications, accurate humidity measurement can bring significant savings in both energy and costs. By knowing the humidity level you can, for example, avoid over-drying and heating the air too much. End-product quality Exact humidity data helps you optimize your production process and facilities, as well as make sure that the humidity level in your end-products is just right. Depending on the product, it can mean for example longer shelf life or improved stability. Safety & well-being Humidity control in facilities and moisture control in structures improve both safety and well-being when the air is optimized for breathing and the formation of mold is avoided. Controlling process humidity is also crucial for safety and well-being. Trusted HUMICAP® and DRYCAP® technologies We have been the industry leader in humidity measurement for over 40 years and is able to create solutions even for very demanding measurement conditions. Vaisala’s HUMICAP® and DRYCAP® technologies have been trusted for decades due to their accuracy and stability. Both technologies include capacitive thin-film polymer sensors. The polymer’s dielectric constant has been linearized with humidity variations to guarantee an unbeatable accuracy level up to 1 % RH (aw 0.01). DRYCAP also incorporates a patented auto-calibration function, which optimizes the stability at low dew points. Humidity and Multigas Measurements with CARBOCAP® and PEROXCAP® With our continuous research and development efforts, we have been able to combine humidity measurement possibilities also with other parameters and technologies. We developed the CARBOCAP® technology originally for measuring CO2, but the technology is well suited also for optical humidity and methane measurements in biogas applications. Vaisala’s PEROXCAP® technology was developed for measuring humidity, vaporized hydrogen peroxide and temperature for easy validation of hydrogen peroxide bio-decontamination of isolators and facilities. Related products Intrinsically Safe Humidity and Temperature Transmitter Series HMT370EX For use up to zone 0 and 20 Please note that the HMT370EX has been released with IECEx, ATEX, FM, NEPSI, KC, and MET certificates for intrinsically... Read more Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide, Humidity and Temperature Measurement HPP270 Series for bio-decontamination processes The Vaisala PEROXCAP® Hydrogen Peroxide, Humidity, and Temperature Probe HPP270 series probes are designed for... Read more Compact Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP9 for rapidly changing environments The Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP9 is designed for easy installation in rapidly changing... Read more Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP3 for general purpose humidity and temperature applications with exchangeable sensor Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP3... Read more Relative Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP4 for high pressures Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP4 is designed for high-pressure applications such as compressed air... Read more Relative Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP5 for high temperatures Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP5 is designed for high temperature applications such as baking ovens... Read more Relative Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP7 for high humidities Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP7 is designed for applications which involve constant high humidity or... Read more Relative Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP8 for pressurized processes Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP8 is designed for pressurized applications in compressed air... Read more Humidity and Temperature Transmitter Series HMT310 for demanding industrial applications The Vaisala HUMICAP® HMT310 series is for demanding industrial applications where compact product design... Read more Dew Point and Temperature Meter Series DMT340 for demanding low humidity conditions Condensation-resistant DMT340 is designed for industrial low-humidity applications such as industrial drying... Read more Dew Point Transmitters DMT345 and DMT346 for high temperature applications The Vaisala DRYCAP® Dewpoint Transmitters DMT345 and DMT346 are designed for humidity measurement in industrial... Read more Dew Point Meter DMT132 for refrigerant dryers Vaisala HUMICAP® Dewpoint Transmitter DMT132 is an affordable dew point measurement instrument designed to verify the... Read more Dew Point Transmitter DMT152 Dew point measurement in very dry environments The Vaisala DRYCAP® Dewpoint Transmitter DMT152 is designed for measuring low dew point in OEM... Read more Humidity and Temperature Transmitter Series HMDW80 ±3%RH low maintenance transmitters for standard HVAC The HMDW80 series is versatile with transmitters for wall and duct mounting for... Read more Humidity and Temperature Transmitter Series HMW90 ±1.7%RH wall transmitters with a certificate for demanding HVAC Typical applications are include museums and archives, production and warehouse... Read more Humidity and Temperature Transmitters HMD60 ±1.5%RH transmitters for demanding HVAC, with a certificate The sturdy and reliable duct mounted Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity Transmitter Series... Read more Humidity and Temperature Transmitters HMT120/130 ±1.5%RH transmitters with exchangeable probes for cleanrooms and light industrial applications The Vaisala HUMICAP® HMT120 and HMT130 transmitters... Read more Miniature Dew Point Transmitters DMT143 & DMT143L (Long) for OEM applications Miniature size dew point transmitters DMT143 and DMT143L are ideal choices when you want to measure dew point accurately in small... Read more Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP1 for wall mounting Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP1 is designed for measuring ambient measurement in indoor spaces. HMP1 can... Read more Digital Open Frame Humidity Module HMM105 for OEM applications An open frame module for integration into environmental chambers and incubators. The module incorporates the Vaisala HUMICAP®... Read more HMP60 Humidity and Temperature Probe for volume applications HMP60 is a simple, durable and cost-effective humidity probe suitable for volume applications, integration into other... Read more HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP113 The Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP113 is a highly accurate and cost-effective humidity probe with a plastic enclosure. It has... Read more Humidity and Temperature Module HMM170 for environmental chambers Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Module HMM170 is a robust open frame transmitter for integration into... Read more Humidity Module HMM100 for environmental chambers The Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity Module HMM100 is an open frame module for integration into environmental chambers. The... Read more Humidity and Temperature Transmitter Series HMS80 ±3%RH outdoor sensor for HVAC A reliable basic outdoor humidity sensor for a pole or wall installation. Dew point, wet bulb and enthalpy... Read more Humidity and Temperature Transmitter Series HMS110 ±2%RH outdoor sensors for HVAC Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Transmitter Series HMS110 are ideal for cooling tower control and... Read more Indigo500 Series Transmitters The Vaisala Indigo500 series transmitters are host devices for Vaisala Indigo-compatible, stand-alone smart probes. The Indigo500 series include multi-functional Indigo520 transmitter and Indigo510 transmitter with basic features. Indigo200 Series Transmitters for Vaisala smart probes Vaisala Indigo200 series transmitters are host devices for displaying measurement values from Vaisala's Smart Humidity, Temperature, Dew Point, Moisture in Oil, CO2 and H2O2 Probes. Weather Transmitter WXT530 Series The perfect mix of accurate air pressure, temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed, and wind direction data to measure weather conditions without the expense or magnitude of an automatic weather station. viewLinc Monitoring, Alarming and Reporting Software The viewLinc Enterprise Server software monitors temperature, relative humidity, CO2, differential pressure, level, door switches, and more, offering low cost of ownership due to easy connectivity to your existing network, remote access, and scalability up to thousands of monitored locations. Insight PC Software Vaisala Insight PC Software gives quick access to the configurations and data of the Indigo family measurement probes and other supported Vaisala devices. Methane, Carbon Dioxide and Humidity Multigas Probe MGP261 Vaisala CARBOCAP® MGP261 Multigas Probe for Methane, Carbon Dioxide and Humidity helps in improving your process and in protecting the Combined Heat and Power (CHP) engine.
Water (H2O) can take many forms and we can measure it as temperature dependent invisible gas known as humidity, as pressure dependent dew point or in liquid form as moisture.
Humidity Humidity is measured in many air control applications, where the relative humidity is for the most part over 10 %. Relative humidity (RH) is a measure of the water vapor content of air. For more information, read what relative humidity is and why it is important. Find humidity measurement products by typical applications: test chambers, building automation and HVAC, spray drying, paint booths, biogas production, and bio-decontamination. Download Humidity Guide for Smart Industries
Dew Point Dew point measurements are needed when controlling air in dry processes, usually with relative humidity below 10 %. For more information about dew point, read the article "What is dew point and how to measure it?". Find dew point measurement products by typical application: compressed air drying, fluid bed drying, 3D printing, lithium-ion battery manufacturing, and semiconductor manufacturing. Calculate & convert parameters such as dew point and frost point
Moisture Moisture measurements are essential when there is a need to protect engines or to ensure high-quality oil with moisture in oil measurements. Avoiding moisture in concrete or structures also requires high quality measurement. Find related moisture measurement products by typical applications: power transformers, lubrication systems, and structural moisture.
Benefits with high-quality H2O measurement Energy-savings Especially in drying applications, accurate humidity measurement can bring significant savings in both energy and costs. By knowing the humidity level you can, for example, avoid over-drying and heating the air too much. End-product quality Exact humidity data helps you optimize your production process and facilities, as well as make sure that the humidity level in your end-products is just right. Depending on the product, it can mean for example longer shelf life or improved stability. Safety & well-being Humidity control in facilities and moisture control in structures improve both safety and well-being when the air is optimized for breathing and the formation of mold is avoided. Controlling process humidity is also crucial for safety and well-being.
Energy-savings Especially in drying applications, accurate humidity measurement can bring significant savings in both energy and costs. By knowing the humidity level you can, for example, avoid over-drying and heating the air too much.
End-product quality Exact humidity data helps you optimize your production process and facilities, as well as make sure that the humidity level in your end-products is just right. Depending on the product, it can mean for example longer shelf life or improved stability.
Safety & well-being Humidity control in facilities and moisture control in structures improve both safety and well-being when the air is optimized for breathing and the formation of mold is avoided. Controlling process humidity is also crucial for safety and well-being.
Trusted HUMICAP® and DRYCAP® technologies We have been the industry leader in humidity measurement for over 40 years and is able to create solutions even for very demanding measurement conditions. Vaisala’s HUMICAP® and DRYCAP® technologies have been trusted for decades due to their accuracy and stability. Both technologies include capacitive thin-film polymer sensors. The polymer’s dielectric constant has been linearized with humidity variations to guarantee an unbeatable accuracy level up to 1 % RH (aw 0.01). DRYCAP also incorporates a patented auto-calibration function, which optimizes the stability at low dew points.
Humidity and Multigas Measurements with CARBOCAP® and PEROXCAP® With our continuous research and development efforts, we have been able to combine humidity measurement possibilities also with other parameters and technologies. We developed the CARBOCAP® technology originally for measuring CO2, but the technology is well suited also for optical humidity and methane measurements in biogas applications. Vaisala’s PEROXCAP® technology was developed for measuring humidity, vaporized hydrogen peroxide and temperature for easy validation of hydrogen peroxide bio-decontamination of isolators and facilities.
Related products Intrinsically Safe Humidity and Temperature Transmitter Series HMT370EX For use up to zone 0 and 20 Please note that the HMT370EX has been released with IECEx, ATEX, FM, NEPSI, KC, and MET certificates for intrinsically... Read more Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide, Humidity and Temperature Measurement HPP270 Series for bio-decontamination processes The Vaisala PEROXCAP® Hydrogen Peroxide, Humidity, and Temperature Probe HPP270 series probes are designed for... Read more Compact Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP9 for rapidly changing environments The Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP9 is designed for easy installation in rapidly changing... Read more Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP3 for general purpose humidity and temperature applications with exchangeable sensor Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP3... Read more Relative Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP4 for high pressures Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP4 is designed for high-pressure applications such as compressed air... Read more Relative Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP5 for high temperatures Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP5 is designed for high temperature applications such as baking ovens... Read more Relative Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP7 for high humidities Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP7 is designed for applications which involve constant high humidity or... Read more Relative Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP8 for pressurized processes Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP8 is designed for pressurized applications in compressed air... Read more Humidity and Temperature Transmitter Series HMT310 for demanding industrial applications The Vaisala HUMICAP® HMT310 series is for demanding industrial applications where compact product design... Read more Dew Point and Temperature Meter Series DMT340 for demanding low humidity conditions Condensation-resistant DMT340 is designed for industrial low-humidity applications such as industrial drying... Read more Dew Point Transmitters DMT345 and DMT346 for high temperature applications The Vaisala DRYCAP® Dewpoint Transmitters DMT345 and DMT346 are designed for humidity measurement in industrial... Read more Dew Point Meter DMT132 for refrigerant dryers Vaisala HUMICAP® Dewpoint Transmitter DMT132 is an affordable dew point measurement instrument designed to verify the... Read more Dew Point Transmitter DMT152 Dew point measurement in very dry environments The Vaisala DRYCAP® Dewpoint Transmitter DMT152 is designed for measuring low dew point in OEM... Read more Humidity and Temperature Transmitter Series HMDW80 ±3%RH low maintenance transmitters for standard HVAC The HMDW80 series is versatile with transmitters for wall and duct mounting for... Read more Humidity and Temperature Transmitter Series HMW90 ±1.7%RH wall transmitters with a certificate for demanding HVAC Typical applications are include museums and archives, production and warehouse... Read more Humidity and Temperature Transmitters HMD60 ±1.5%RH transmitters for demanding HVAC, with a certificate The sturdy and reliable duct mounted Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity Transmitter Series... Read more Humidity and Temperature Transmitters HMT120/130 ±1.5%RH transmitters with exchangeable probes for cleanrooms and light industrial applications The Vaisala HUMICAP® HMT120 and HMT130 transmitters... Read more Miniature Dew Point Transmitters DMT143 & DMT143L (Long) for OEM applications Miniature size dew point transmitters DMT143 and DMT143L are ideal choices when you want to measure dew point accurately in small... Read more Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP1 for wall mounting Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP1 is designed for measuring ambient measurement in indoor spaces. HMP1 can... Read more Digital Open Frame Humidity Module HMM105 for OEM applications An open frame module for integration into environmental chambers and incubators. The module incorporates the Vaisala HUMICAP®... Read more HMP60 Humidity and Temperature Probe for volume applications HMP60 is a simple, durable and cost-effective humidity probe suitable for volume applications, integration into other... Read more HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP113 The Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP113 is a highly accurate and cost-effective humidity probe with a plastic enclosure. It has... Read more Humidity and Temperature Module HMM170 for environmental chambers Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Module HMM170 is a robust open frame transmitter for integration into... Read more Humidity Module HMM100 for environmental chambers The Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity Module HMM100 is an open frame module for integration into environmental chambers. The... Read more Humidity and Temperature Transmitter Series HMS80 ±3%RH outdoor sensor for HVAC A reliable basic outdoor humidity sensor for a pole or wall installation. Dew point, wet bulb and enthalpy... Read more Humidity and Temperature Transmitter Series HMS110 ±2%RH outdoor sensors for HVAC Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Transmitter Series HMS110 are ideal for cooling tower control and... Read more Indigo500 Series Transmitters The Vaisala Indigo500 series transmitters are host devices for Vaisala Indigo-compatible, stand-alone smart probes. The Indigo500 series include multi-functional Indigo520 transmitter and Indigo510 transmitter with basic features. Indigo200 Series Transmitters for Vaisala smart probes Vaisala Indigo200 series transmitters are host devices for displaying measurement values from Vaisala's Smart Humidity, Temperature, Dew Point, Moisture in Oil, CO2 and H2O2 Probes. Weather Transmitter WXT530 Series The perfect mix of accurate air pressure, temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed, and wind direction data to measure weather conditions without the expense or magnitude of an automatic weather station. viewLinc Monitoring, Alarming and Reporting Software The viewLinc Enterprise Server software monitors temperature, relative humidity, CO2, differential pressure, level, door switches, and more, offering low cost of ownership due to easy connectivity to your existing network, remote access, and scalability up to thousands of monitored locations. Insight PC Software Vaisala Insight PC Software gives quick access to the configurations and data of the Indigo family measurement probes and other supported Vaisala devices. Methane, Carbon Dioxide and Humidity Multigas Probe MGP261 Vaisala CARBOCAP® MGP261 Multigas Probe for Methane, Carbon Dioxide and Humidity helps in improving your process and in protecting the Combined Heat and Power (CHP) engine.
Intrinsically Safe Humidity and Temperature Transmitter Series HMT370EX For use up to zone 0 and 20 Please note that the HMT370EX has been released with IECEx, ATEX, FM, NEPSI, KC, and MET certificates for intrinsically... Read more
Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide, Humidity and Temperature Measurement HPP270 Series for bio-decontamination processes The Vaisala PEROXCAP® Hydrogen Peroxide, Humidity, and Temperature Probe HPP270 series probes are designed for... Read more
Compact Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP9 for rapidly changing environments The Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP9 is designed for easy installation in rapidly changing... Read more
Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP3 for general purpose humidity and temperature applications with exchangeable sensor Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP3... Read more
Relative Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP4 for high pressures Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP4 is designed for high-pressure applications such as compressed air... Read more
Relative Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP5 for high temperatures Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP5 is designed for high temperature applications such as baking ovens... Read more
Relative Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP7 for high humidities Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP7 is designed for applications which involve constant high humidity or... Read more
Relative Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP8 for pressurized processes Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP8 is designed for pressurized applications in compressed air... Read more
Humidity and Temperature Transmitter Series HMT310 for demanding industrial applications The Vaisala HUMICAP® HMT310 series is for demanding industrial applications where compact product design... Read more
Dew Point and Temperature Meter Series DMT340 for demanding low humidity conditions Condensation-resistant DMT340 is designed for industrial low-humidity applications such as industrial drying... Read more
Dew Point Transmitters DMT345 and DMT346 for high temperature applications The Vaisala DRYCAP® Dewpoint Transmitters DMT345 and DMT346 are designed for humidity measurement in industrial... Read more
Dew Point Meter DMT132 for refrigerant dryers Vaisala HUMICAP® Dewpoint Transmitter DMT132 is an affordable dew point measurement instrument designed to verify the... Read more
Dew Point Transmitter DMT152 Dew point measurement in very dry environments The Vaisala DRYCAP® Dewpoint Transmitter DMT152 is designed for measuring low dew point in OEM... Read more
Humidity and Temperature Transmitter Series HMDW80 ±3%RH low maintenance transmitters for standard HVAC The HMDW80 series is versatile with transmitters for wall and duct mounting for... Read more
Humidity and Temperature Transmitter Series HMW90 ±1.7%RH wall transmitters with a certificate for demanding HVAC Typical applications are include museums and archives, production and warehouse... Read more
Humidity and Temperature Transmitters HMD60 ±1.5%RH transmitters for demanding HVAC, with a certificate The sturdy and reliable duct mounted Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity Transmitter Series... Read more
Humidity and Temperature Transmitters HMT120/130 ±1.5%RH transmitters with exchangeable probes for cleanrooms and light industrial applications The Vaisala HUMICAP® HMT120 and HMT130 transmitters... Read more
Miniature Dew Point Transmitters DMT143 & DMT143L (Long) for OEM applications Miniature size dew point transmitters DMT143 and DMT143L are ideal choices when you want to measure dew point accurately in small... Read more
Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP1 for wall mounting Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP1 is designed for measuring ambient measurement in indoor spaces. HMP1 can... Read more
Digital Open Frame Humidity Module HMM105 for OEM applications An open frame module for integration into environmental chambers and incubators. The module incorporates the Vaisala HUMICAP®... Read more
HMP60 Humidity and Temperature Probe for volume applications HMP60 is a simple, durable and cost-effective humidity probe suitable for volume applications, integration into other... Read more
HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP113 The Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Probe HMP113 is a highly accurate and cost-effective humidity probe with a plastic enclosure. It has... Read more
Humidity and Temperature Module HMM170 for environmental chambers Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Module HMM170 is a robust open frame transmitter for integration into... Read more
Humidity Module HMM100 for environmental chambers The Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity Module HMM100 is an open frame module for integration into environmental chambers. The... Read more
Humidity and Temperature Transmitter Series HMS80 ±3%RH outdoor sensor for HVAC A reliable basic outdoor humidity sensor for a pole or wall installation. Dew point, wet bulb and enthalpy... Read more
Humidity and Temperature Transmitter Series HMS110 ±2%RH outdoor sensors for HVAC Vaisala HUMICAP® Humidity and Temperature Transmitter Series HMS110 are ideal for cooling tower control and... Read more
Indigo500 Series Transmitters The Vaisala Indigo500 series transmitters are host devices for Vaisala Indigo-compatible, stand-alone smart probes. The Indigo500 series include multi-functional Indigo520 transmitter and Indigo510 transmitter with basic features.
Indigo200 Series Transmitters for Vaisala smart probes Vaisala Indigo200 series transmitters are host devices for displaying measurement values from Vaisala's Smart Humidity, Temperature, Dew Point, Moisture in Oil, CO2 and H2O2 Probes.
Weather Transmitter WXT530 Series The perfect mix of accurate air pressure, temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed, and wind direction data to measure weather conditions without the expense or magnitude of an automatic weather station.
viewLinc Monitoring, Alarming and Reporting Software The viewLinc Enterprise Server software monitors temperature, relative humidity, CO2, differential pressure, level, door switches, and more, offering low cost of ownership due to easy connectivity to your existing network, remote access, and scalability up to thousands of monitored locations.
Insight PC Software Vaisala Insight PC Software gives quick access to the configurations and data of the Indigo family measurement probes and other supported Vaisala devices.
Methane, Carbon Dioxide and Humidity Multigas Probe MGP261 Vaisala CARBOCAP® MGP261 Multigas Probe for Methane, Carbon Dioxide and Humidity helps in improving your process and in protecting the Combined Heat and Power (CHP) engine.
